Introduction to Sociolinguistics
Language and Society?
Society: any group of people who are drawn together for a certain purpose or purposes.
Language: what the members of a particular society speak.
Some Language Phenomena in Society
The language of formal written document
Cockney and Black English
Fast colloquial speech
Completely novel sentences
Slips of the tongue
The Problems of Variation What might cause a speaker to say….?
1. Do you think it’s cold in here?
2. The airport, as fast as you can.
3. I do.
4. Do you love me?
5. How strange!
6. Can we have some silence at the back?
7. Will you marry me?
8. You don’t love me anymore.
Possible Relationship between Language and Society
1. Social structure may influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior ( S à L) .
2. Linguistic structure and/or behavior may influence or determine social structure (L à S) .
3. Language and society may influence each other (bi-directional) (S < --> L).
4. There is no relationship at all between language and society (asocial linguistics) (S + L).
Relationship between Language and Society
Language and society may influence each other.
Gumperz àSociolinguistics: an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistics structure and to observe any changes that occur.
Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language
Will be concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication.
The goal is to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language.
Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language
The study of language in relation to society.
To study society in order to find out as much as we can what kind of thing language is.
The study of society in relation to language.
To study language in order to find out about as much as we can that kind of society is.
Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language
The emphasis:
Sociolingusitics àanalyzing linguistic
Sociology of Language à social structures
Sociolinguistics
Considers “who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end” (Fishman).
Empirical science: based on fact and data
Variety of Questions and Data in Sociolinguistics
Correlational Studies: Relate 2 or more variables
Implicational Studies: If X, then Y (bes or best?)
Microlinguistic Studies: focus on very specific linguistic items (individual differences) à Slang, Black, etc.
Macrolinguistic Studies: large amount of language data à to draw broad conclusion (e.g. choices in language planning)
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