• STYLE AND REGISTER
• Language Varieties
• – Slang and Jargon –
• Style
• Style is language variation which reflects changes in situational factors, such as addressee, setting, task or topic.
• Style is often analyzed along a scale of formality.
• The level of formality is influenced by some factors like the various differences among the participants, topic, emotional involvement, etc.
(Janet Holmes, 2001)
• Addressee as an Influence on Style
• Age of addressee è People generally talk to the very young and to the very old è For example: Baby-talk
• Social background of addressee è People talk differently to the higher class and to the lower class è For example: The pronunciation of newsreaders on different radio station
(Janet Holmes, 2001)
• Context, Style and Class
(Some Examples)
• Formal contexts and social roles
• Different style within an interview
• Colloquial style or the vernacular
• The interaction of social class and style
(Janet Holmes, 2001)
• Register
• Registers are specific sets of vocabulary items associated with different occupational group or the language of groups of people with common interests or jobs.
• For example: the language used by airplane pilots, surgeons, bank managers, jazz fans, commentators, etc.
(Janet Holmes, 2001: 246)
• Slang
• Slang is a label that is frequently used to denote certain informal or faddish usages of nearly anyone in the speech community
• Slang is special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type (Oxford Dictionary).
• Nowadays, slang is often applied to aspects of the language of adolescents or others who are perceived as speaking non-standard varieties of the language.
(Contemporary Linguistics, 1997:555)
• Slang
• Slang exist alongside jargon and argot
• The use of slang plays a major role in the maintenance of the gang’s group identity.
• It separates the in-group, who use the slang, from the rest of society who do not and are not part of the gang.
• For example: Glasgow slang, American university (UCLA) slang, etc.
(Contemporary Linguistics, 1997: 555)
• The Examples of Glasgow Slang
Slang
• Crap-bag è
• Punters è
• Malky è
• Snide gear è
• Sleekit è
• Peter è
Meaning
• Coward
• Fellow gang members
• Weapon
• Unfashionable clothes
• Cunning
• Police or prison cell
• Slang
• Slang is area of vocabulary which reflects a person’s age.
• Current slang is the linguistic prerogative of young people and generally sounds odd in the mouth of an older person.
• It signals membership of a particular group – the young.
• For example: spiffing, topping, super, groovy, fab, etc.
(Janet Holmes, 2001: 167)
• Jargon and Argot
• The terms jargon and argot are often used almost interchangeably to refer to “obscure or secret language” or “language of a particular occupational group”.
• The term argot arose in the 17th century as the label for a speech variety used by French beggars and street merchants and later was applied to the secret language of criminals.
(Contemporary Linguistics, 1997: 557)
• Jargon and Argot
• It is a label for speech varieties associated with social groups whose members wish or must conceal themselves or some aspects of their communication from non-members.
• Jargon or argot is restricted to a smaller number and is more obscure to outsiders than slang.
(Contemporary Linguistics, 1997: 555-557)
• The Examples of Jargon and Argot
• Cockney rhyming slang è English argot used among navies in London’s East End in the 19th century (bees & honey è money, merry-go-round èpound sterling)
• Gay lingo è used among homosexual co.
• Hacker jargon (freeware, happiware, etc.)
• Cyberspace jargon (www, mailing list, e-mail, etc.).
(Contemporary Linguistics, 1997: 558-561)
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